学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 5

After learning Unit 5, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:  To have a clear understanding of HEALTH as defined by WHO Professional  To know the importance of healthy living  To appreciate the role of lifestyle, dietary choices and mental knowledge activities in achieving wellness  To understand the relationship between chronic diseases and unhealthy living phenotype  To know the concept of healthy living medicine  To learn the ways to prolong healthspan Reading  To have a true appreciation of the Chinese saying “Illness and disease enter through the mouth.”  To know what drinks are healthful  To gain some knowledge about medical terminology in the Academic aspects of building blocks and etymology vocabulary  To be familiar with expressions used for cause and effect and  To further develop awareness of formal and informal language discourse  To further develop the skill of note-taking To learn how to link the points to make the presentation flow using Speaking signpost language.  To know the content and general characteristics of a findings / results section in a research paper Writing  To know how the findings and results of a study are presented Researching To be aware of the dietary choices in one’s daily life Viewing

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Teaching Activities and Resources

Part 1 Reading

Text A

Lead-in

Suggested teaching plan

1. Start the class by brainstorming how health has been and should be defined. Ask

Ss about their ideas and share beliefs and experience in this respect. 2. Lead Ss to do Task / Lead-in. Key to the task

1) Balancing calories:

• Enjoy food, but eat less • Avoid oversized portions

2) Increasing consumption of certain foods: • Whole grain

• Fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk • Fruits and vegetables

3) Reducing consumption of certain foods: • Low-sodium foods • Sugary drinks

3. Introduce the topic of Text A as a natural continuum of Lead-in.

Text Comprehension

Suggested teaching plan

1. Chronic diseases have constituted a primary threat to health and well-being of the

global population, and the chronic diseases have much to do with lifestyles. With that in mind, T may start the class by eliciting Ss’ perception of health, chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles. 2. Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading and

thinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics. 3. Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when an expression of cause

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or effect is covered.

4. When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed in

Language focus below. 5. If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A in

about five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.

Language focus

1. The rise in chronic disease incidence and prevalence is paralleled by an

unrelenting rise … (P110, Para. 2)

parallel作为及物动词表示“使„„与„„平行”，此处用在被动语态中，可译为：慢性病发病率和患病率的上升与不健康生活表型的持续上升相伴相生。

2. … a clear case is made for the concept of healthy living medicine (HLM).

(P111, Para. 3)

make a case指阐明为什么应该做某事的原因，这里指前述内容明确了健康生活医学概念的必要性。

3. … a pragmatic approach to up-titration as well as variable dosages and

ingredients that constitute the healthy living polypill should be considered. (P112, Para. 4)

作者在这一段用了大量的隐喻。LS7首先被比作了健康生活医学的多效药，因此LS7的组成部分被比作药物成分。与之相关的一系列行为，例如如何使用LS7，如何提高LS7各组成部分的使用（如增加体育活动、改善饮食等）被比作了药物治疗中增加滴定、改变剂量等活动，不仅语言更加鲜活，也对应了“医学”的主题。

4. Preventing chronic disease and, ideally, associated risk factors … from ever

occurring is of paramount importance. (P113, Para. 5)

prevent … from ever occurring指一开始就防止出现，ever起到强调的作用。

Supplementary information 1. healthspan

The concept of healthspan is relatively new in geroscience research, which seeks to understand the biological mechanisms of aging. Prior to the year 2000, only 14 papers were indexed on PubMed with “healthspan” or “health span” in the title or abstract. By mid-2018, that number has grown to more than 900. Notably, several of these use the exact phrases “increases healthspan,” “improves healthspan,” or

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“extends healthspan,” implying that healthspan is a quantifiable phenotype. While it is unlikely everyone would agree on a single definition, one common definition is that healthspan is the period of life spent in good health, free from the chronic diseases and disabilities of aging. This definition implies that healthspan is a length of chronological time beginning at birth and ending at some subsequent time when an individual is no longer in good health and / or is suffering from diseases or disabilities of aging. Conceptually, this is a nice definition, as it allows us to consider healthspan as a quantitative continuous variable, in the same way that we consider lifespan. This would, in principle, be useful for determining how different genes, environmental parameters, or interventions impact healthspan in a quantitative way. The concept of healthspan has proven to be quite useful, on the other hand, for popularizing geroscience among the broader scientific and lay communities. It is a concept that is easy to understand and is more palatable to a general audience than increasing lifespan. 2. Life’s Simple 7

The American Heart Association’s (AHA) 2020 Impact Goal of improving the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20 percent while reducing deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke by 20 percent underscores the organization’s focus on prevention. Using the best available evidence, AHA developed a prescription for health called Life’s Simple 7 — the seven most important predictors of heart health and also a pathway for achieving ideal cardiovascular health. Life’s Simple 7 includes four modifiable behaviors (not smoking, healthy weight, eating healthy and being physically active) and three biometric measures (blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar). These seven factors are classified into three categories: ideal, intermediate and poor. For example, adults with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30 are classified as “poor,” “intermediate” with a BMI 25-29.9 and “ideal” if they have a BMI 18.5-25. Individuals with ideal levels for all seven metrics are considered to have ideal cardiovascular health.

Key to the tasks

Critical reading and thinking Task 1

1) Our approach to medicine

2) the chronic disease burden successfully 3) healthy living phenotype 4) reversal 5) continual 6) pragmatic 7) healthspan 8) lifespan

9) the concept of precision medicine

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10) reinvent how health care is delivered

Task 2 1.

 The incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases as both a primary threat to the

health and well-being of the global population and future projections  Cardiovascular  Pulmonary

 Metabolic diseases

 A need to reformulate our approach to medicine to address the chronic disease

burden successfully

 Components of medicine  Optimal therapeutic dosages

 Persons and places of administration 2.

Central components of an unhealthy living phenotype:  Physical inactivity  Poor diet  Tobacco use

 Excess body weight 3.

 Profound health benefits:

 Decreased morbidity and mortality  Improved function and quality of life  Reduction in chronic disease risk 

Profound economic benefits:

 Decreased utilization of the most costly aspects of health care

 Hospitalizations  Surgical procedures  Prescription medications

4.

 Significant health benefits with any movement away from the unhealthy living

phenotype toward facets of a healthy living phenotype

 Taking 20-minute walks twice per week against no leisure-time physical

activity

 Having 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day against no daily servings  Replacement of the traditional dichotomous, guidelines-based approach

(all-or-nothing approach) with the pragmatic approach

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5.

Healthspan

 Definition: the number of years of being healthy and free from debilitating

disease

 Contributing factors:  Physically active

 Consuming nutritious and healthy food  Not smoking

 Maintaining an appropriate body weight Lifespan

 Definition: the number of years of being alive without necessarily considering

functional independence and quality of life 6

Components of LS7  4 health behaviors:  Physical activity  Diet

 Tobacco use  Body weight  3 health factors:  Cholesterol  Blood pressure  Blood sugar

 Relationship of LS7 with health:

 Improved health outcome resulting from a more favorable LS7 score on a

continual scale

 LS7 as both a vital sign and healthy living polypill 7

 Consideration of personal characteristics and likelihood for adherence

 Unattainable: an exercise program consisting of 150 minutes or more of moderate

intensity exercise per week for a person with a sedentary lifestyle 8

 The need to reinvent the way for the delivery of health care  A shift away from reactionary care  Paramount importance of prevention  Change of a “healthcare” setting

 The delivery of HLM to all patients receiving care

 Eligibility of every individual for HLM and an individualized healthy living

polypill prescription for every individual

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Language Building-up

Suggested teaching plan 1. Medical terminology

1) Give a brief introduction to the medical terminology. 2) Ask Ss to do Task 1 / Language building-up / Text A. 3) Check Ss’ work and provide more examples, if necessary. 2. Signpost language

1) Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A could be integrated into the

analysis and discussion of Text A. 2) The task may be done quickly by locating the examples in Text A. 3. Formal English

1) Ask Ss to do Task 3 / Language building-up / Text A. 2) Check Ss’ work.

3) T should make clear that judging formality of language is relative.

Key to the tasks

Task 1 2.

English Chinese 1. prevalence 患病率 2. reversal 逆转 3. dosage 剂量 4. cardiovascular 心血管的 5. mortality 死亡率 6. nonsurgical 非手术的 7. unhealthy 不健康的 8. diagnosis 诊断 9. intensity 强度 10. inactivity 不活动

Task 2

1. leads to 2. caused 3. is due to 4. related to

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Task 3

1. The rise in chronic disease incidence and prevalence comes with an continuous

rise in an unhealthy living phenotype. 2. Even in individuals with a genetic tendency for chronic disease, the ideal healthy

living phenotype has great protective effects. 3. For the whole population, the smallest movements toward the healthy living

phenotype may have significant benefits. 4. The general goal of HLM is to make the healthspan as long as possible.

5. Preventing chronic disease and, ideally, associated risk factors from ever

occurring is very important.

Translation of the Text

健康生活：获得健康寿命的普适且永恒的良药

罗斯·阿雷纳，艾米·麦克尼尔，迈克尔·萨格纳等 （Ross A. Arena, Amy McNeil, Michael Sagner, et al.）

对全球人口健康和幸福的主要威胁来自慢性疾病（包括心血管疾病、肺部疾病和代谢性疾病）的发病率和患病率及其未来预测。为了成功解决慢性疾病的负担，需要重新规划用药方法，包括其构成部分、最佳治疗剂量以及行医人员和行医地点。

慢性病发病率和患病率的上升与不健康生活表型的持续上升相伴相生；该表型的核心是缺乏运动、饮食不良以及吸烟（虽然现在在一些国家严重程度较低，但仍是一个重要问题）。体重过重与缺乏运动和饮食不良复杂相关，因此也是不健康生活表型的一个普遍特征。人们普遍认识到，终身采用健康的生活表型（即根本性预防）或者逆转不健康的生活表型（即初级和二级预防），即使只是部分逆转，也预示着极大的健康益处（即发病率和死亡率降低，功能和生活质量得到改善）以及深远的经济利益（即减少使用医疗保健最昂贵的方面——住院、手术和处方药）。相比于效仿最差生活方式特征的人，已经发现具有理想健康生活表型人士的慢性病风险降低了≥45％。即使在遗传上易患慢性病的个体中，理想的健康生活表型仍具有高度保护性。诚然，没有任何其他药物或手术可以吹嘘能降低风险到这种程度。仍需着重强调的是，风险降低是连续性的，任何从不健康生

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活表型向健康生活表型各个方面的转移都预示着显著的健康益处。无需多言，每周两次20分钟的步行比没有闲暇时间进行任何体育活动要强，正如每天吃两份水果和蔬菜比每天不吃任何水果和蔬菜要强。这种务实的方法应取代传统的基于准则的二分法（即全有或全无），并且非常适合在较大比例的全球人口中，尤其是那些目前正具有最不健康生活表型的人中，优化对健康生活表型特征的培养。从人口的角度看，向健康生活表型的最小移动都预计将带来显著的益处。

健康生活与慢性病风险大大降低之间的清楚联系是无可辩驳的。事实上，解决慢性疾病危机的最佳方法是推广养成健康生活表型。再度审视医学的定义（即治疗疾病、影响安康、维持健康、预防与减轻疾病以及非手术治疗），就能明确健康生活医学概念的必要性。运动作为药物的概念已经确立并推广了若干年。实际上，我们意识到运动的治疗功效已有几个世纪了。但这种方法零散破碎，无法充分发挥健康生活医学的潜力和重要性。健康生活医学的总体目标是以最佳方式延长健康寿命，这可以定义为一个人健康且摆脱衰竭性疾病的年限。积极运动、食用营养健康的食物、不吸烟及保持适当的体重对于健康寿命都至关重要。这与寿命的概念形成鲜明对比，寿命只代表一个人的生存年数，而不一定考虑功能性和生活质量。从经济学的角度看，侧重于延长健康寿命而非寿命的卫生系统要可取得多。

美国心脏协会提出的健康生活七要素（LS7）很好地涵盖了健康生活医学的基本要素框架，其中包括4种健康行为（体育活动、饮食、烟草使用和体重）和3个健康因素（胆固醇、血压、血糖）。此外，养成理想的LS7健康行为与具备更有利的健康因素起到了协同增效作用。大量证据表明，在连续尺度上，更有利的LS7评分与改善健康状况息息相关。因此，LS7既是生命体征，又是健康生活的多效药。应该给所有人都开这种多效药，其成分正是健康生活医学的基础。如前所述，为了优化对健康生活医学的坚持，应考虑采用务实的方法使用健康生活医学多效药，逐步增加滴定，在剂量和成分的使用上可以灵活多变。这种方法与精准医学的概念相吻合；健康生活多效药可以且应该考虑个人特征和坚持的可能性。对于具有久坐不动生活方式的人，考虑立即采用每周进行150分钟或更长时间的中等强度运动组成的运动计划似乎无法实现。此外，文献清楚地表明，从久坐不动向提高体育活动的任何程度的转变都预示着显著的健康益处。因此，对于

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健康生活多效药和健康生活医学的发展，我们应该考虑采取一种医学实用主义方法：找到一个普遍真理，在健康生活医学中即任何双方都同意采用健康生活表型，这一成就应始终得到庆祝。不仅如此，随着务实的双向交流的继续，医护人员和接受护理的个人都应继续努力提高对健康生活表型的采用。

总而言之，为了最有效地减轻当前的慢性疾病负担并对其未来做出最佳预测，人们广泛认识并接受需要重新创建医疗保健的提供方式。必须远离保守的护理，即因不健康的生活表型根深蒂固而等待确诊一种或多种慢性疾病，这种情况极可能发生，或实际上在开始护理前就已经被诊断出疾病。预防慢性疾病，以及理想状态下一开始就避免出现相关的风险因素（如超重、血压、胆固醇和血糖升高）至关重要。为了理想地提供健康生活医学，必须改变构成“医疗保健”环境的设置；例如，公园、学校及工作场所都应被视为原始预防和初级预防背景下提供健康生活医学的理想临床环境。传统的医疗环境（即医院和门诊诊所）也必须向所有接受护理的患者提供健康生活医学。从本质上讲，地球上的每个人都有资格获得健康生活医学，并且应该收到个性化的健康生活多效药处方。

Text B

Text Comprehension

Suggested teaching plan

1. This is the right time to conduct a survey among Ss about their beverage choices.

T may design a simple questionnaire survey or simply do a quick oral survey. Give a brief summary of the survey. 2. Lead Ss to discuss the text and choose the best answers of the seven questions in

Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. 3. Divide Ss into groups of four or five, and ask them to do Task 2 / Critical reading

and thinking / Text B. 4. Divide Ss into groups of four or five, and ask them to do Task / Researching

after class. If T wants to check their work through presentation, T may put the presentation in Part 3 Speaking.

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Language focus

1. Whatever tops your list … (P119, Para. 1)

top一般作为形容词和名词使用，此处用作动词，表示“居„„之首”。英语中有很多此类形容词或名词活用作动词的用法。

2. … linked to the beverages you drink — or don’t drink. (P119, Para. 1)

此处破折号的使用并不影响句子的语法正确性，但使用后起到了突出强调的作用，表明不仅喝的饮料会影响健康，平时不喝的饮料也对健康产生影响。 3. … lacking in these waters. (P119, Para. 4)

water为不可数名词，此处却在water的后面加了s，用作复数，对应的是上文出现的bottled water，指不同种类的瓶装水。

Supplementary information health myths

Myth 1: Eating after 9 p.m. prompts weight gain.

No need to feel bad about those late night snacks! The body has no idea what the clock reads, so your ability to metabolize food will be no different whether you’re sitting down for dinner at 6 p.m. or 10 p.m. What is more important when dining late at night, however, is to eat healthy foods — including lean meats, healthy fats, and plenty of veggies — both to ease digestion and best fuel your body for restorative sleep!

Myth 2: Eating fish makes people smart.

This works in kids up to age three or four. Fish, especially oily ones, such as salmon, are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA is particularly beneficial in the first two years of life for brain development, cognition, and visual acuity.

Myth 3: Low-fat or no-fat diets are good for you.

As the body needs fat for energy, tissue repair and to transport vitamins A, D, E and K around the body, there’s no need to follow a fat-free diet. Consumption of saturated fats should be cut down, and it is advisable to eat unsaturated fats, found in things like olive oil and avocados.

Myth 4: Crash dieting or fasting helps you lose weight.

This may be true in the short term, but ultimately it can hinder weight loss because crash dieting or fasting not only burns off fat but also removes lean muscle and tissue. The loss of lean muscle decreases the basal metabolic rate, resulting in less calorie need by the body. This will cause the body to pick up weight once dieting is stopped.

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Myth 5: Natural or herbal weight loss products are safe and effective.

A weight loss product that claims to be “natural” or “herbal” is not necessarily safe. These products are not usually scientifically tested to prove that they are safe or that they work.

Myth 6: People will catch a cold if they go out with wet hair.

Going out with wet hair will make people feel cold, but that will not cause them to catch a cold. They will be just as fine. Feeling cold does not affect the immune system. People catch cold when they are affected with bacteria or viruses.

Key to the tasks

Critical reading and thinking Task 1 1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. A

Task 2 1.

1) drinking their calories 2) detract from it 2.

1) calories 2) hazards 3) benefits 3.

1) soft drinks and fruit drinks with added sugars 2) sugar-sweetened drinks 3) curb your appetite

4) noncola carbonated beverages and canned iced tea 5) cola consumption 4.

1) Type 2 diabetes 2) Parkinson’s disease 3) blood pressure

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4) 5. 1) 2) 3) 4)

miscarriage and low birth weight

a lot is worse than a little heart attacks and strokes

Type 2 diabetes and gallstones birth defects and breast cancer

6.

1) metabolic syndrome 2) children and teenagers

Translation of the Text

人如其饮

简·E. 布罗迪（Jane E. Brody）

龋齿、骨质疏松、心脏病、卒中、糖尿病、老年痴呆、癌症、肥胖，你最担心哪种疾病？不管你的答案是什么，所有这些健康问题都与你喝或不喝的饮料有关。

去年，一个由营养与健康专家组成的工作小组发布了“饮料指导体系”，希望阻止人们继续饮用高热量的饮料，因为这些热量不但对健康无益，反而可能危害人体健康。

该专家小组由北卡罗来纳大学营养学教授巴里·M.保普金领导，他们对美国人越来越粗的腰围深表担心，也担心许多受欢迎的饮料导致的肥胖问题。专家们也研究了146篇已发表的文章，试图为各种各样的饮料会造成之前提到的几乎所有健康问题找到最有力的证据。此外，我个人还研读了其他几篇文章，接下来我将对我们的研究成果做一个总结。

最佳饮品之首选，你猜对了，是水。水不含热量，有百利而无一害。但专家组对添加了营养成分的瓶装水表示担心：他们说消费者可能会认为喝了这种水之后，他们就不需要吃某些营养食物，而这些食物却含有瓶装水中缺乏的纤维素、植物素等营养物质（可口可乐和百事可乐公司计划在未来几个月里推出富含维生素的苏打水，你可以想象专家组对此所持的态度）。

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含糖饮品中的热量

专家组在其报告中表示，两岁以上的美国人所摄入的热量大约有21%来自饮品，其中多数是不含酒精的加糖饮料和果汁。近几十年来，加糖饮料数量剧增，主要挤走了牛奶的消费量，而牛奶显然营养价值丰富。20世纪70年代末以来，美国人热量摄入的增加量有一半来自加糖饮品。

加糖饮品不仅是份数增加了，每份的量也激增了，一些零售店为顾客提供32盎司的饮料，还可以免费续杯。

加上现在美国人酷爱喝冰沙和加糖咖啡（一杯16盎司不加鲜奶油的星巴克摩卡咖啡含有240卡热量），这就是美国人能把自己喝成XXXL码的原因了。

但加糖饮品中的热量并不是唯一的问题。专家小组发表在《美国临床营养杂志》的报告中还提到另外一个问题：饮料“不易让人产生饱腹感”，饮料难以或根本不能降低食欲，人们也不会因为饮料中有了热量而吃得更少。

此外，一些不含酒精的饮料还会导致其他健康问题。美国普通牙科学会表示非可乐型碳酸饮料和罐装（加糖）冰茶会损害牙釉质，在只喝饮料而不吃东西时尤为如此。在马萨诸塞州弗雷明汉市有一项在2,500名成年人中做的研究，结果发现可乐（无论是常规还是无糖型）的饮用量与女性臀部骨骼疏松有关。

如果你一定要喝点甜饮料，专家组建议零热量饮料，比如含合规甜味剂的无糖汽水。不过专家承认这种无糖汽水缺乏长期的安全数据，并且有可能会让人们“形成条件反射”，更喜欢甜食。

果汁也可以代替甜饮料，虽然果汁没有吃水果好，因为吃水果充饥效果更好。

咖啡、茶和咖啡因

接下来的消息要好一些。一些可靠的研究认为经常喝咖啡可减少2型糖尿病和结肠癌的患病风险，对男性和绝经后没有服用激素的女性来说，还可以减少帕金森症的患病风险。

尽管含咖啡因的咖啡会使血压有所升高，不加过滤的煮泡咖啡（法式和意式浓缩咖啡）会提高有害的低密度脂蛋白的水平和总胆固醇水平，但是大多数研究还没有将摄入咖啡或咖啡因与心脏病联系起来。

若将咖啡因摄入量控制在每天400毫克以内（大约30盎司现煮咖啡的含量），咖啡因则不会导致健康问题，也不会影响体内的水平衡。但专家组提醒说，孕妇

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应该控制咖啡因的摄入量，若摄入量大于每天300毫克，则会增加流产或出现新生儿体重过低的危险。

易患一种与阿尔茨海默相类似疾病的老鼠喝了带咖啡因（相当于人每天喝五杯咖啡的量）的水之后，对老鼠起到了保护作用。有一个六百多个男性参加的研究显示每天喝三杯咖啡会降低由于年龄而产生的记忆衰退和思维迟钝。

至于茶，其对健康益处的证据喜忧参半，有时相互矛盾。茶降低了实验室动物患癌的风险，但茶对人类的影响还是未知。茶可能会加强骨密度，有益于预防肾结石和龋齿。每天喝四到五杯红茶有助于动脉扩张，从而改善血液向心脏的流动。

酒

“少胜于无，而多则不及少”，酒就是这种说法的一个经典例子。许多大型的长期研究证明适量饮酒（女性一天一杯，男性一天两杯）可以降低死亡率，尤其是由心脏病和卒中引起的死亡，同时也可以降低2型糖尿病和胆结石的危险。专家组并没有发现令人信服的证据证明某种酒（包括红酒）比其他酒好。

但是即使是适度饮酒都会增大先天缺陷和乳腺癌的危险，可能是因为酒会干扰叶酸（重要的B族维生素）。饮酒过量会造成致命的癌症、肝硬化、出血性卒中、高血压、老年痴呆和其他形式的心脏病。

乳类饮品和豆类饮品

这里我对证据的解读与专家组有些许不同。在最佳饮品中，专家组把低脂和脱脂牛奶排第三位，位于水和咖啡、茶之后，他们认为乳类饮品并非健康饮食的必要组成部分。专家组承认牛奶对骨密度有好处，但却指出除非坚持饮用，否则牛奶中所含的钙和维生素D不会对骨密度产生持久的好处。

牛奶中所含的其他重要营养物质包括镁、钾、锌、铁、维生素A、核黄素、叶酸和蛋白质（八盎司的一杯牛奶中总共约含8克）。一项针对肥胖人士进行了十年的研究发现喝牛奶的人患代谢综合征（高血压和保护性高密度脂蛋白水平低等冠心病高危因素的集合）的可能性更低。对我来说，这就意味着喝再多牛奶都不为过。

专家组着重强调了儿童和青少年需要多喝牛奶而少喝高热量含糖饮料。 专家组表示，“如果不喜欢喝牛奶的话，高浓度豆奶是一个很好的替代品。”

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Part 2 Viewing

Suggested teaching plan

1. Explain to Ss the note-taking symbols.

2. Ask Ss to do Task 1 / Viewing and compare their work with a partner. 3. Play the video clip and ask Ss to take notes while watching. 4. Ask Ss to do Task 2 / Viewing. 5. Check Ss’ work.

Key to the tasks

Task 1 1.

Fill half of your plate with fruits and vegetables at every meal:

 Keeping your calories under control

 Ensuring that you are getting plenty of fiber, phytochemicals, vitamins, and

minerals in your diet

 Controlling all your risk factors for diseases like heart disease, cancer

 Keeping your skin looking wrinkle-free, and smooth, and healthy, and

glowing

2.

Pick a day and make all of your doctor’s appointments:

 A screening with the dermatologist  A mammogram if you are a woman

 A gynecology appointment PAP smear and check-up 3.

 Stress as a factor in a lot of diseases:

 Catching a cold  Developing cancer

 Developing heart disease  Developing even depression

 Importance of taking time for anything that you enjoy:

 Play with your dog for 10 minutes as coming home ritual

 Reading something such as historical fiction for 15 minutes a day

4.

 Reading  Walking

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5.

  

Easy to do it anywhere

No need to be a super athlete Good for:  Heart

 weight control

Task 2

1) fruits or vegetables

2) keeping your skin looking wrinkle-free, and smooth, and healthy, and glowing 3) your skin cancer checkup Script

JENNIFER: I’m Jennifer Morris. We’d all like to live a healthier lifestyle, right? Whether that means getting more exercise, or kicking a nasty habit, or losing weight. But how do you get started, you know, what do you do? We’re back here with Trisha Calvo, Executive Editor of Shape Magazine, with some more helpful hints. Hi. TRISHA: Hi.

JENNIFER: How are you? TRISHA: Good.

JENNIFER: Uh … So you have a half-plate rule, can you tell me about what that is? TRISHA: Yes. I think for health or weight loss, one of the most important things you can do is fill half of your plate with fruits or vegetables at every meal. What that does is it helps keep your calories under control. And it also ensures that you are getting plenty of fiber, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals in your diet, which help control all your risk factors for diseases like heart disease, cancer, and it can even keep your skin looking wrinkle-free, and smooth, and healthy, and glowing.

JENNIFER: So what about the medical piece? A lot of people don’t go to the doctor enough, or they make appointments and they break it. What, what do you think about that?

TRISHA: I think that, you, you pick a day, you know, whether it’s your birthday, and I think that’s a great day for people to, to sort of take stock of their health, and now that you are older, and I think that what you can do is you can sit down and you can say: OK, this week I’m going to make all of my doctor’s appointments. I’m going to schedule a screening with the dermatologist for my skin cancer checkup. I’m going to get a mammogram if I’m a woman. I’m going to schedule my gynecology appointment so I can get my PAP smear and my checkup. I’m going to schedule my physical … Now you obviously don’t have to go to the doctor on that week. But if you take an hour one day, and you just sit down and you make all the appointments over the next couple of months, you’ll have it in your calendar. And you will make

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sure that you are getting the preventative care that you need to catch a problem before it becomes a real problem.

JENNIFER: Uh-huh, uh-huh. And lastly, what about downtime? I mean, we all live such busy lifestyles, it’s so hard to find downtime.

TRISHA: We are so busy, and stress, increasingly, researchers (have) shown that stress has become a factor in a lot of diseases. Everything from, from catching a cold, to developing cancer, to developing heart disease, even depression. So it’s very important to take time for yourself during the day. And it can be just anything that you enjoy. Uh, you know, it doesn’t have to be, like: Oh I need to get a massage, I need to officially relax. It can just be, you know, I love my dog, I’m gonna play, play with my dog for 10 minutes, I’m just gonna make that my coming home ritual. Or, I love, you know, historical fiction, I’m just gonna carve out 15 minutes a day to read something that I really, really enjoy. I, personally, I am not happy if I am not reading a novel that I’m really engrossed in. And I just make sure that I have one in my bag at all times. And whenever I have a couple of minutes, I just pull it open and it, it makes me happy. And it relieves the stress. And I think that everybody has something special like that that they love.

JENNIFER: I mean it’s nice to think of it in small increments because I think we get overwhelmed looking at the whole picture when there are just small things that you can do throughout the day. TRISHA: Yes, yes, absolutely.

JENNIFER: So what about exercise? Is that, is (are) there similar things?

TRISHA: Walking is one of the best exercises and you can do it anywhere, and it’s easy to do. And it does, you don’t have to be a super athlete to be able to do it. Ten minutes, just take 10 minutes.

JENNIFER: How many calories do you burn in 10 minutes?

TRISHA: A hundred forty-five pound woman, if she is walking briskly, about 100. JENNIFER: Amazing.

TRISHA: Yeah, so you really, you, you got to kick it up a little bit to burn that many, but, um, brisk walking is great for your heart. Even slow walking is good for you. It’s good for your health, it’s good for your weight control. You know, obviously the more you can walk, take the stairs instead of the elevator. Um … Walk to appointments, get off, you know, park your car a little bit further away from the entrance to your office, or the mall, and walk. Even those little things during the course of the day add up.

JENNIFER: Thanks, more great advice from Trisha Calvo, Executive Editor of Shape Magazine.

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Part 3 Speaking

Suggested teaching plan

1. Explain the importance of using signpost language to link ideas and information,

reminding Ss of the aspects to consider. 2. Ask Ss to have a discussion of Task / Speaking to raise their awareness, and

randomly choose a couple of Ss to share the results of their discussion. 3. If time allows, T may integrate Researching / Text B into this part by asking Ss

to do group presentations. 4. Ask the presenting team to deliver their presentation in class. 5. Comment on the presentation.

Part 4 Writing

Suggested teaching plan

1. Explain the purpose and characteristics of the findings / results section. Draw Ss’

attention to the following points:

 Don’t discuss or interpret the implications of the findings / results.

 Start with the main findings / results in a logical sequence and then proceed

to details.

 Use tables or figures to illustrate the findings / results of data analysis with a

multitude of data to report, and properly number and title the tables and figures.

 Present the material in the order that best defends the thesis and the order in

which they will be addressed in the discussion section.

 Do not provide raw data or intermediate calculations in the findings / results

section.

 Use the past simple tense when you refer to your findings / results. 2. Ask Ss to do Task / Writing in small groups.

3. Ask a couple of groups to share their discussion with the class.

Key to the task 1. 2. 3. 4.

Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Vocabulary Test

Key to the tasks

Task 1

1. demonstrated 2. minimal 3. contrast 4. foundation 5. conclusion 6. link

7. consisted 8. previously 9. variable 10. mutually 11. procedure 12. affect 13. definition 14. initiated 15. consumes 16. proportion 17. elements 18. precision 19. context 20. significant

Task 2

1. incidence 2. prevalence 3. metabolic 4. therapeutic 5. phenotype 6. inactivity 7. primary 8. prescription 9. alleviation 10. precision 11. sedentary 12. decaying 13. nutrition 14. waistline

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15. bottled 16. intake 17. appetite 18. protein 19. quality

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