环球时代：2010英语专业考研报考前语言学摸底测试题
Ⅰ Multiple Choice (1×40 points)
1. The choice of an allophones in a given phonetic context is ______.
A. random B. predictable C. variable D. independent
2. Discovering procedures are practiced by ______.
A. traditional grammar B. descriptive grammar C. TG grammar D. functional grammar
3. According to Holiday, the three general functions of language are ______.
A. ideational, interpersonal and referential B. metalinguistic, interpersonal and textual
C. ideational, interpersonal and textual D. ideational, informative and textual
4. In the present day, the stability of ______ seems to be decreasing.
A. taboo B. regional dialect C. idiolect D. social-class dialect
5. The Indirect Speech Act was developed by ______.
A. Levinson B. John Searle C. John Lyons D. John Austin
6. “Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a _______.
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A. polysemy B. tautology C. synonymy D. antonymy
7. Conceptual meaning is _____.
A. affective B. associative C. connotative D. denotative
8. The ______ construction is defined as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constitution.
A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate
9. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _____ and ______.
A. subject, object B. subject, predicate C. predicate, object D. object, predicate
10. ____ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrast as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc.
A. Category B. Number C. Gender D. Case
11. A ______ is any morpheme of combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
A. root B. stem C. allomorph D. lexeme
12. “Radar” is a/an ______.
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A. blending B. coinage C. acronym D. clipping
13. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade” is ______.
A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative
14. The argument that LAD works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time, a specific and limited time period for language acquisition—is referred to as ______.
A. the Whofian Hypothesis B. the UG Hypothesis
C. the Critical Period Hypothesis D. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
15. B.F. Skinner is the chief exponent of ____.
A. the interactional views B. the contextualist views
C. the innatist views D. the behaviorist views
16. The study of how language is learned is called _____.
A. language acquisition B. applied linguistics
C. pysholinguistics D. pragmatics
17. Among the following theories, which has nothing to do with child language acquisition?
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A. The contextualist views. B. The behaviorist views.
C. The innatist views. D. The interationist views.
18. Among the following English word, ______ is borrowed from American Indian language.
A. squash B. algebra C. soprano D. B2B
19. The culture that is abstract, ambiguous and hidden refers to _____.
A. folk culture B. the products of nature C. what is born and grows D. spiritual culture
20. In American English “a blue book”, the related association with “blue” are _____.
A. high position B. being aristocratic C. well-known names D. sentimental content
21. Among the following terms for the types of language, which is considered a more neutral terms?
A. Speech variety B. Standard language C. non-standard language D. Dialects
22. What description is TRUE with standard dialect?
A. It is a superimposed form above over the range of regional dialect.
B. It is related to some particular group of language users in China.
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C. It is a socially prestigious dialect of a language, hence a sociolect.
D. It is most correct in linguistic forms among all the language varieties to linguists.
23. The famous line “My love is a red, red rose” stirs up the imagination of a beautiful young lady. This is the ____ meaning.
A. iconic B. denotative C. connotative D. cultural
24. The following is the language used by two speakers A and B.
A:I did it yesterday. B: I done it yesterday.
He hasn’t got it. He ain’t got it.
It was she that said it It was her what said it.
From this we can infer that ______.
A. And B have come from different regions
B. A and B display different linguistic skills and linguistic competence
C. A and B’s relative social status can roughly be estimated
D. A and B have learned different languages at school
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25. It is true that words may shift in meaning, i.e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belong to _____.
A. narrowing of meaning B. meaning shift C. loss of meaning D. widening of meaning
26. As late as the fifteen and sixteenth centuries, one could merely add not at the end of an affirmative sentence to negate it, as in I Love thee not. However, in modern English, people will say “I do not love you.” This shows change in _____.
A. vocabulary B. agreement rule C. negation rule D. syntactic relations
27. The following all show the syntactic relations EXCEPT_____
A. positional relation B. relation of substitutability
C. relation of cooccurrence D. relation of words
28. A: Mike is always lying.
B: I hate that S-O-B!
This conversation violates the maxim of _____.
A. quantity B. relation C. quality D. manner
29. “You should spend more time on English” is a _____.
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A. representative B. expressive C. directive D. declaration
30. “For a large of class of cases… the meaning of a word is its use in the language.” Is uttered by____.
A. Firth B. Ogden C. Wittgenstein D. Malinowski
31. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?
A. Delicious B. Tree C. Mine D. Beautiful
32. Which of the following sentences cannot be generated by the “JOHN(LEAVE)”?
A. John is leaving for Shanghai B. John has left.
C. John, leave! D. John leaves.
33. “Jack plays golf well” is inconsistent with _____.
A. Golf is Jack’s favorite B. Jack is so bad at playing golf
C. Jack plays golf as well as basketball D. Jack gives up golf
34. “Tommy’s hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes “_______”.
A. Tommy had a hen
B. Tommy had a big hen
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prediction
C. An egg was laid by Tommy’s hen D. The egg is not a stone
35. In the view of the naming theory, which of the meanings of the words can not be explained?
A. Rain B. Cow C. God D. Cattle
36. ____ is the essential and necessary element of a phrase.
A. Head B. complement C. Specifier D. Modifier
37. The underlined part in “You know that I hate war” is called a ______.
A. matrix B. complement clause C. complement phrase D. complement
38. In forming a yes-no question, the position from which the auxiliary is moved and left empty is represented as a _____.
A. head B. trace C. INFL D. specifier
39. Which of thee following statement is NOT true?
A.Derivation affixes are added to an existing from to created a new word.
B. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
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C. Sometimes bound morphemes can stand by themselves.
D. The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic
40. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______.
A. oral cavity B. lung C. pharyngeal cavity D. nasal cavity
ⅡTrue or False Questions (3×15 points )
Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false:
1. Regardless of their ethnic and cultural background, children of all colors and societies follow roughly the same route/order of language, though they may differ in the rate of learning.
2. An achievement test assesses how much a learner has mastered the contents of a particular course.
3. Generative grammar is system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.
4. In Hymes’ view, the learner acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as lexical.
5. Linguistic competence is one variety of cultural-competence.
6. Greek does not belong to Indo-European Language Family.
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7. The term Stream of Consciousness was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind.
8. The Cooperative Principle, an important pragmatic principle proposed by P. Grice, aims to explain how speakers carry on communication cooperatively in utterances.
9. A sentence is a grammatical unit and a n utterance is a pragmatic notion.
10. After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor” with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped”, you may find some difference in meaning, and he difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.
11. All bound morphemes are affixes.
12. The words “water” and “teacher” have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.
13. In the sound writing system, the reference of the grapheme is the phoneme.
14. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in English phonology.
15. The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable.
ⅢShort Essay Questions (10×3 points)
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Answer the following three questions:
1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics?
2. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET and identify every difference in
expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.
King: Where is Pelonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,
Seek him i’ the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you find him not within
this month, you shall nose him as you
go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV. Scene iii
3. Point out three ways in which modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar.
ⅣDoes the constancy under negation test work as a means of finding the presuppositions of
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the following sentences? What are the presuppositions：
(a) John regrets that he broke your computer.
(b) The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.
(c) His brother is bald. (15 points)
ⅤDefine SYLLABUS, and describe the whole process of syllabus design with major links. (20pints)
Ⅰ(每题1分)
1-10 B B C B B B D B B C
11-20 B C C C D A A A D C
21-30 A A A C D C D D C C
31-40 C A B A D A C B C A
Ⅱ (每题3分)
T T T F T FTTTF FFTTT
ⅢShort Essay Questions (10×3 points)
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Answer the following three questions:
1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics? （10 points）
Semantics and pragmatics are both linguistic studies of meaning. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is carried out in the area of pragmatics. (4分) Semantics studies sentences as units of the abstract linguistic system while pragmatics studies utterances as instances of the system. The former stops at the sentence levels; the latter looks at bigger chunks of conversation. The former regards sentences as stable products; the latter treats utterances as dynamic processes.(3分) The former analyses sentences in isolation; the latter analyses utterances in close connection with their context of situation. In a simple formula, the scopes can be clarified clearly: pragmatics ＝meaning－semantics. (3分)
（本题考查语义学和语用学之间的异同。传统语义学只研究句法成分的意义，尤其词义及其关系，同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系。还有句子意义以及句子之间的关系，同义反复关系，矛盾关系等。语用学则研究语言的使用，尤其是研究在具体语境下的交际意义，会话含义，言语行为，话语意义等）
2. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. (10 points)
King: Where is Pelonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,
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Seek him i’ the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you find him not within
this month, you shall nose him as you
go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV. Scene iii
From the scene above we can see the changes reveal as follows:
(1) morphological change: thither> there, nose>smell,
(2) syntactic change: change in negation rule
your messenger find him not there>your messenger does not find there
you find him not there >you do not find him there
(3)loss of words: i’(in)>0 (5分)
From the changes shown above, we can find that from the Middle English to the Modern English, the morphological rules and syntactic have undergone changes, i’(in) is seldom found in modern English. (5分)
(本题主要考查语言变化问题。考生可以从历史语言学，词汇学和社会语言学各自的角度出发回答问题，
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具体解释形态变化，句法变化等)
3. Point out three ways in which modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. (10 points)
(1) Most linguistic analysis today id focused on speech rather than writing. Everything considered, speech is believed to be more representative of human language than writing. In spite of the common features they share, they differ because they are transmitted in different channels. This is one major difference between linguists today and the grammarians of the 19th century. (4分)
(2) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is hugely prescriptive. Many early grammars were based on “high” (literal, religious) written language. Grammarians often use logical and aesthetic criteria to judge the correctness of sentences and lay down rules for “correct” behavior. Linguistics today, however, has made a special point of guarding against prescriptivism. They believe that whatever occurs in natural speech should be described in their analysis. (3分)
(3) Another difference is the priority of synchronic descriptions over the traditional diachronic studies. Modern linguistics holds that unless the various states of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. (3分)
（本题主要考查传统语法与现代语言学之间的差异。传统英语语法借鉴了拉丁语法，主要根据书面语语料，因此是规定语法，而不是描写语法。而现代语言学是以人们的言语为基础研究语言的本质及其规律。语言来源于言语，而高于言语；语言是语言学研究的对象，文字是辅助工具，它反映了语言，但是次于语
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言。现代语言学主要是共时语言学，而不是历时语言学）
ⅣDoes the constancy under negation test work as a means of finding the presuppositions of the following sentences? What are the presuppositions：
(a) John regrets that he broke your computer.
(b) The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.
(c) His brother is bald. (15 points)
The “constancy under negation” test states that the presupposition remains true when a sentence is negated. This test has provided a way to find the presuppositions of the following sentences.（3分）
(a) John regrets that he broke your computer.
The negated form should be “John doesn’t regret that he broke your computer”. Therefore, one obvious presupposition turns out to be “John broke your computer”. (another presupposition is that: You have a computer.) （4分）
(b) The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.
The negated form should be “The pregnant engineer didn’t go on a holiday\". Thus, two of its presuppositions are “the engineer is female” and “the engineer is pregnant”. （分）
( c) His brother is bald.
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The negated form should be “His brother is not bald”. From this, one presupposition of it should be “He has a brother”. （4分）
(本题主要考查语义学知识，句子意义之间的关系。否定方法确实能帮助我们发现预设，但是不一定一定如此，因为有时同时有几个预设)
ⅤDefine SYLLABUS, and describe the whole process of syllabus design with major links. (20pints)
Syllabus, also called curriculum, is the planning of a course of instruction. It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experiences.（5分）
There are generally three processes in a syllabus designing.
(1) Selecting participants
Before the training program starts, it is necessary to specify the characteristics of the learner and select individuals who match those specifications. For example, college beginners in China are expected to have acquired the knowledge of English specified in the Syllabus for Higher School English. In order to select qualified students, an entrance examination is held every year. Likewise, teachers should be selected according to specified standards. （5分）
(2)Process
When deciding what to be taught to the selected students, the teacher has to consider several questions：the learners’ present mastery of the language; what he will be using the language for; the gap between the learners’ present state and the future requirement, and the
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way to bridge the gap. All this being clear, the teacher can come to the actual design of the syllabus, which includes the arrangement of content, preparation of materials, selection of teaching methodology and techniques, and means of course evaluation. （5分）
(3) Evaluation
At the end of the training program, it is necessary to find out whether and to what degree the learners have reached the teaching objectives. Therefore, the teacher has to check whether and to what degree the program has taught what it meant to teach, and also try to find out whether and to what degree the program is useful to the learners in their work. The two kinds of evaluation provide feedback to the whole training program. (5分)
（本题考查外语教学的基本理论与实践。传统上，这是属于教学法的内容，现在把它划为应用语言学范畴，以提高教学质量和教学理论。也称为外语习得或二语习得（L2）。总之，教师要研究教学对象，教学手段，教学过程以及教学结果，并提出具体改进手段或方法）
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