Disease is referred as an aberrant manifestation of homeostatic disturbances caused by harmful agents.
2.Causative factor / pathogenic cause
Causative factor or pathogenic cause is referred as the factor that can cause a disease and determine its specificity.
3.Hypoxia
Hypoxia can be defined as a deficiency in either oxygen delivery or its utilization at the tissue level or the deficiency of both, which can lead to changes in function, metabolism and even structure of the body.
4.Cyanosis
Cyanosis refers to the violaceous color of skin and mucous membranes which occurs as the deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the blood in capillaries becomes greater than 5g/dl.
5.Hemic hypoxia
Hemic hypoxia refers to hypoxia resulting from a low carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood caused by an altered affinity of Hb for oxygen or a decrease in the amount of Hb
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in the blood.
nterogenous cyanosis
When pickled vegetables containing nitrate are consumed in large amounts, the reabsorbed nitrate reacts with HbFe2+ to form HbFe3+OH. The color of skin becomes coffee color. This phenomenon is called enterogenous cyanosis.
schemic hypoxia
The deficiency of blood perfusion to tissues caused by decreased arterial pressure or obstruction of arteries is called ischemic hypoxia.
8.Fever
Fever is a complicated pathological process characterized by a regulated elevation of core body temperature, in which the hypothalamic set point is temporarily reset at an elevated temperature in response to pyretic substances.
yrogenic activators
Fever can be caused by a number of microorganisms and non-microbial pyretic substances, which are collectively called pyrogenic activators.
10.Endogenous pyrogens
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Endogenous pyrogens are described as cytokines inducing fever, which are produced and released by EP cells, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, etc.
It is defined as a systemic nonspecific response of the body to environmental demands or pressures made upon it.
12.Stressor
The stimulus that provokes a stress response is referred to as stressor.
13.Shock
Shock is a pathological process caused by various drastic etiological factors, which is characterized by microcirculation failure resulting from decreased effective circulatory blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion with the results of cellular metabolism impediment and dysfunction of multiple vital organ.
uto blood transfusion
At the early stage of shock, vessel constriction because of release of a large amount of vasoconstrictors may mobilize the stored blood to participate in the circulation, which is considered as compensation of venous return.
uto fluid transfusion
At the early stage of shock, significant decrease of hydrostatic pressure in capillary
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may drive fluid to shift from interstitial space to the vascular compartment, and as a result, the plasma volume can be partly restored as a compensatory response
isseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
DIC is a pathological process caused by disturbance of the kinetic balance between coagulation and anticoagulation systems (including fibrinolytic system). Etiologic factors activate extensive intravascular coagulation and secondary fibrinolysis. The clinical features of DIC are bleeding, shock, organ dysfunction and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
17.Heart failure
Heart failure is a pathological process in which the systolic or/ and diastolic function of the heart is impaired, and as a result, cardiac output decreases and is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
18.High-output failure
High-output failure indicates that the cardiac output may be supra- normal but inadequate owing to excessive metabolic needs. The causes of high-output heart failure include severe anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy, etc.
schemia- reperfusion injury
The restoration of blood flow after transient ischemia may be associated with further
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reversible or irreversible cell damage, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury or reperfusion injury.
20.Calcium overload
Calcium overload refers to that intracellular content of calcium is increased abnormally during ischemia and reperfusion, which results in the disorder of cellular structure and function.
21.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a hard-controlling systemic inflammatory cascade caused by severe infectious or non-infectious factors. It leads to disorders of microcirculatory perfusion of organs and finally to secondary organ dysfunction.
22.Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is defined as a progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or systems resulting from an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.
nion gap (AG)
It is the deference between the concentrations of unmeasured anion (UA) and unmeasured cation (UC) in plasma (AG=UA-UC). The AG value can be obtained by
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calculating the difference between plasma concentration of major measured cation (Na+) and the sum of the plasma concentrations of major measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), that is, AG = [Na+] - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-]). Its normal range is 12±2 mmol/L.
24.Edema
Edema means that excessive fluid accumulates in interstitial compartment and some cavities in the body.
25.Brain death
Brain death is a state of permanent irreversible cessation of whole brain activity. At that time, the function of the patient's body as a whole body has stopped forever.
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