自考英语二课文译文习题 Unit 10

Although presidential elections occur every 4 years, many people feel that they do not have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate.

尽管总统选举每四年举行一次，许多人还是感到他们并没有真正理解总统竞选是如何进行的。

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee. A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.

在11月份大选中的获胜者几乎肯定是共和党提名的人或者是民主党的提名的人。小党派或的候选人，如1968年的乔治·华莱士，1980年的约翰·安德森，1992年和1996年的罗丝·佩罗等，也许会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票，但几乎没有可能战胜他们。

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans. Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party's presidential candidate. Even Democrat George McCiovern, who had the lowest. level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters.

大党提名人具有得到本党的忠实信徒支持这一关键优势。20世纪早期，这种支持是如此地坚定和稳固，以致于实力较强的政党的候选人的胜利几乎是一种不争的事实。华伦·Ｇ·哈定1920年在俄亥俄州的家中接受了共和党的提名，而且在大部分的竞选过程中都呆在那里，但只是因为当时大多数投票人都是共和党人，他获得了完全的胜利。近几十年对党的忠诚度已经降低，但是全国三分之一以上的选举人仍然把自己看作是民主党人或者是共和党人，而且他们大多支持本党的总统候选人。甚至民主党候选人乔治·麦戈文，虽然近年获得的支持在各党提名人中最低，但在1972年他仍然得到本党几乎60％的投票人的拥护

Presidential candidates act strategically. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters. During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clinton's headquarters in Little Rock read, \"The Economy, Stupid.\" The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush. As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.

总统候选人的行动颇具策略。在决定是否遵循一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对投票人可能具有的影响、在1992年的大选中 在小石城克林顿竞选总部的一面墙上有这样一个标志：“经济，愚蠢”这个口号是克林顿的主要谋略家詹姆斯十维尔的杰作，他是要提醒候选人和所有工作人员要把竞选焦点集中在本国增长迟缓的经济上。经济增长迟缓的问题最终击败了布什。正如在1980年当吉米·卡特在经济困难时期败给罗纳德·里根那样，选民们主要是希望一种改变。

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s. A year later, with the nation's economy in trouble, Bush’s approval rating dropped below 40 percent. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.

候选人尽力表现出一种强有力的领导形象。然而，选民们是否接受这一形象，更多地取决于外部因素而不是候选人的个人特点。在海湾战争以后的1991年，布什的支持率达到了91％，这是自本世纪30年始测验以来的最高记录。一年以后，随着国民经济陷人困境，布什的支持率下降到了4O％。布什力图让选民中想起他在战时的强有力的领导形象，但选民们关心的却是本国的经济状况。

The candidates’ strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation. Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes (including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congress). To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority.

候选人的策略的形成要考虑到许多因素，包括的第一条款；每个州具有的选举人票的数量与其在国会中的代表人数相等。这样每个州可以靠它在参议院的代表人数而拥有两位选举人，凭众议院的代表人数而获得人数不等的选举人。总起来，共有538 位选举

人（包括来自哥伦比亚特区的3位选举人，尽管它在国会没有投票代表）。要赢得总统职位，候选人必须获得至少270张的多数票。

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population, such as California (with electoral votes), New York (33), Texas (32), Florida (25), Pennsylvania (23), lllinois (22), and Ohio (21). Victory in the eleven largest states alone would provide an electoral majority, and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states. Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent; but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.

候选人特别关住在人口最大的州获胜，如加利福尼亚州（拥有张选票），纽约州

（33张），得克萨斯州（32张），佛罗里达州（25张），宾西法尼亚州（23张），伊利诺伊州（22张），和俄亥俄州（21张）。单单在11个人口最大州获胜就可获得选举的多数，因此总统候选人花费了他们大部分的时间在这些州进行竞选。在 1992年克林顿得到了直接投票的43％，布什得到了38％．而佩罗得到了19％但是克林顿在一些州获得了胜利，这些州给了他压倒多数的370张选票，而布什只得了68张，佩罗却一无所获。

10-B. The American Two-party System B 美国的两党制度

No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the Republican parties. It has been going on for more than a century, making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the world.

现在生活在美国的人中没有一个人能够记起民主党和共和党是何时开始进行竟选的。这种竞选历经了100多年，成为世界上最古老的竞选之一。

The American political system is a classical example of the two-party system. When we say that we have a two-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties. Usually about a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates. We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties and a number of small parties, and the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5 per cent of the vote cast in national elections.

美国的政治制度是两党制度的一个典范。当我们说在美国实行两党制度时，我们并非说我们只有两个政党。通常大约十几个政党提出他们的总统候选人。我们之所以称之为两党制是因为我们有两个大党和许多小党；大党太大．所以我们常常忽视了那些小党。通常小党合在一起在全国选举中得票低于全同所投票数的5％。

The Democratic and Republican parties are the largest and most competitive organizations in the American community. They organize the electorate very simply by maintaining the two-party system. Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go. Moreover, because the rivalry of these parties is very old, most Americans know where they belong in the system. As a consequence of the dominance of the major parties, most elected officials are either Republicans or Democrats. Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years, but the system has survived all assaults.

民主党和共和党是美国社会最大和最具竞争力的组织，通过维持两党制，它们很容易组织起自己的选民。美国人几乎不是民主就是共和党，因为通常情况下他们别无选择。而且，因为这种两党竞争由来已久，大多数美国人对自己在这个两党中的立场十分清楚 两个大党占主导地位的结果是当选要么是共和党人，要么是民主党人。在过去100年的历届总统竞选中，人们都试图打破这一旧的制度，但是这个还是在种种对它的发难中生存了下来。

How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in American politics? The explanation is probably to be found in the way elections are conducted. In the United States, unlike countries with a parliamentary system of government, we elect not only the President, but a large number of other officials, about 800,000 of them. We also elect congressmen from single-member districts. For example, we elect 435 members of the House of Representatives from 435 districts (there are a few exceptions), one member for each district. Statistically, this kind of election favors the major parties. The system of elections makes it easy for the major parties to maintain their dominant position, because they are likely to win more than their share of the offices.

两党制如此稳固地植根于美国政治之中，那么它是如何形成的呢？对这一问题的解释从我们进行选举的方式中可能找到。美国不同于其它拥有议会制的国家，在美国我们不仅选举总统，而目选举多达800000名其他，国会议员也是从每区一票的选区中选出来的。例如，我们从435个选区（有个别例外）中选举435 位众议员，每个选区一位。从统计学上来讲，这种选举大党占便宜，在这种选举制度下大党能比较轻松地维持其主导地位，因为他们赢得的席位可能比他们应得的份额多。

One of the great consequences of the system is that it produces majorities automatically. Because there are only two competitors in the running, it is almost inevitable that one will receive a majority. Moreover, the system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party. This is not always true, but the strong tendency to produce majorities is built into the system.

这一制度造成的一个重要结果便是它自动地产生了多数党。一个原因是只有两个竞争者参加竞选，一个政党几乎必然会得到多数票。另一原因是，两党制略微有些夸大获胜党派的成功的倾向，虽然并不总是这样。但是产生多数的强烈倾向巳然是这个制度的特征。

In over 200 years of constitutional history, Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. At the level of presidential elections, the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power nineteen times, almost once a decade. In the election of 1860, the political system broke down, and the Civil War, the worst disaster in American history, resulted. Our history justifies our confidence in the system hut also shows that it is not foolproof.

在200多年的宪政历史中，美国人已经学会了很多关于这种制度运作的方式，这种运行方式可以使政权和平地从一个政党手中中转移到另一个政党手中。在总统选举中，执政党被在野党十九次推翻，几乎每十年一次。在1860年的选举中，这个政治制度瘫痪了，结果爆发了美国历史上最大的灾难——美国内战。我国的历史证明我们有理由对这一制度保持信心，但历史也表明这一制度不是万无一失的。

The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third, fourth, and fifth parties. As a result, the defeated major party is able to maintain a monopoly of the opposition. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to he able to overturn the party in power. It is able, therefore, to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party in power. The second party is important as long as it can monopolize the movement to overthrow the party in power, because it is certain to come into power sooner or later.

第二大党能够在失败中生存下来，因为统计学上夸大获胜政党成功的倾向，对于第二大党对抗第三、第四、第五大党十分有利。其结果败北的大党能够在反对派中享有垄断地位。第二大党对第三大党的优势是非常巨大的，所以它是唯一有可能推翻执政党的政党。故而它能够吸引每一个强烈反对执政党的人的支持。只要第二大党能够主导推翻执政党的运动，它的地位就是举足轻重的，因为迟早它将重新执政。

Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions, the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate. Evidence of the moderation of the major

parties is that much business is conducted across party lines. What happens when the Democrats control one house of Congress and the Republicans control the other? About the same volume of legislation is passed as when one party controls both houses, although some important legislation is likely to be blocked temporarily. It is possible to carry on the work of the government even when party control is divided because party differences are not fundamental.

两党制的另一个结果是，小党因为很可能要支持特殊利益或者是特殊计划，因而采取一些极端立场．而大党因规模庞大而更倾向于采取温和立场。大党的温和倾向的证据是，很多事情都是超越了党派界限完成的。当民主党控制了参众两院的一个而共和党控制了另一个时，会是怎么的情况呢？正如同一个政党控制着参众两院时的情形一样，某些重要的法案有可能暂时搁置，而大约有同样多的法案会获得通过。对部门的控制权即使分属于不同的党派，的工作仍然有可能开展下去，因为党派分歧并不是根本性的。

UNIT 10

1、word study

decline,impact,stir,provision decline

vi.1、下倾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱；3、谢绝，拒绝 The production of natural gas declined slightly. 天然气的生产略有下降。 His strength slowly declined. 他的体力慢慢地衰弱了。

A blind man smilingly declined to be helped across the street. 盲人微笑着谢绝别人帮他过马路。 vt.谢绝，拒绝

He respectfully decline the invitation. 他有礼貌地谢绝了邀请。

n.1、下倾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱

The customs figures show a steady decline in British trade. 关税数字表明英国的贸易在持续下降。

We are studying the decline and fall of ancient Rome. 我们正在研究古罗马的衰亡。 impact

n.1、冲击，碰撞；2、效果，影响

The storm of the world revolution has powerful impact on imperialism. 世界风暴对帝国主义有强大的冲击力。

The book Ten That Shook the World made a great impact on its readers. 《震撼世界的十天》这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。 vt.装紧，压紧

The ground had been impacted by many people walking across it. 因为走的人多，地面被踏得坚实了。 stir

vt.1、搅拌，搅动；2、激起，打动

You should stir the sugar in your coffee with a spoon. 你应该用汤匙搅动咖啡里的糖。

We all deeply stirred by the beauties of nature. 我们都被大自然的美深深地打动了。 vi.微动，活动

I read Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises through to the end without stirring from the table. 我一步不移地坐在桌前把海明威的《太阳照样升起》读完。 n.惊动，轰动

The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world. 这项发明将在全世界引起轰动。 provision

n.1、供应，供应品；2、条款，规定；3、【常pl】给养，口粮

Provision of shelter was the Red Cross’s main concern for the disaster victims. 为灾民提供避难处是红十字会的主要工作。 Necessary provision has been made against flood. 已为防洪做了必要准备。

You should save up money to make provision for the future. 你们应该存些钱，为将来做些准备。

You can do so under the provisions of a new foreign aid bill. 根据新的援外法案的条文，你可以这样做。 Provisions are kept in the storehouse. 储备的口粮存放在仓库里。

2、重点句型

1、候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象。P4 Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.

2、选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。P4

Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate’s personal characteristics. 此句注意主语从句作主语。

3、一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。P4

A year later, with the nation’s economy in trouble, Bush’s approval rating dropped below 40 percent.

4、候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜。P6 Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population. 5、在1992年，，克林顿仅获得民众选票的43%，相比之下，布什是38%，佩罗是19%。P6 Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent. 3、习题

一、词汇英译汉：

1.election 2.vote 3.certainty 4.loyalty 5.decline

6.democrat 7.strategy 8.pursue 9.impact 10.headquarters 11.economy 12.stir 13.congress 14.representative

to identify…as impact on 二、句子英译汉：

1.~ 5. 与重点句型相同。

6.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.

7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.

8.“The Economy, Stupid.”The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush. 三、句子汉译英

1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选。

The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States. 2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人。

A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a minority party one.

A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a minor-party nominee.

3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用。

Strategies play a critical role in the election. Strategy is critical in the presidential election. 4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。

To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states which are important.

In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important states.

5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。 There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties. 4、历年试题

1.Victory in the eleven ______（large） states alone would provide an electoral majority. （99.10）

答案：largest。此题主要考查large 的最高级。

2.Even Democrat George McGovern, _____ had the lowest level of party support among recent

Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. （99.10） A.who B.whose C.that D.which 答案：A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。

3.汉译英：这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。（00.4）

答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal characteristics. 4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ______（begin） in the 1930s. （00.10）

答案：began。此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“in the 1930s”。 5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to _____ the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （01.4）

A.make it possible B.make possible C.make possibly D.make it possibly 答案：B.本题中make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补possible 的后面。“make … possible”

表示“使…成为可能”。

6.In deciding _____ a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters. （02.4）

A.what to pursue B.which to pursue C.whether to pursue D.if to pursue 答案：C.分析：所要填的空是deciding 的宾语。而pursue 后面的宾语是a course of action。 选项A “what to pursue”, what 是宾语。选项B 中，which 也是作主语或宾语。选项D. 语法结构不对，因此选C.

7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election _______ he has the support from the party faithful. （ 03 ，10 ） A.in that B.in which C.for which D.for that 答案：A “在于”（复合连词表示原因） Translation

1. 众所周知，美国总统选举每四年一次。

答： It is well known that presidential elections occur in the United States every 4 years. 2. 克林顿那时始终把竞选的注意力集中在国家缓慢发展的经济上。

答： At that time Clinton always kept the campaign focused on the nation’s slow-developing economy.

3. 候选人都想尽力表现出一种强有力的领袖形象。 答： Candidate try to project a strong leadership image.

4. 选民们是否接受这一形象更取决于外在因素。 答案

答：Whether voters accept this image depends more on external factors. 5. 候选人特别关注如何在人口最多那些州获胜。

答： Candidates are particularly concerned with how to win the states which have the largest population .