St George's Library St George's, University of London Hunter Wing Cranmer Terrace London SW17 0RE Tel: 020 8725 5466
As students in the Faculty of Health & Social Care Sciences, you will be required to use the Harvard system to prepare and produce a reference list for each of your assignments. Each reference should contain the information needed to trace the item you have made reference to, or cited, in the assignment. At times, the terminology used for citation,
references and other lists of source material can seem confusing, but the definitions of the main terms used are:
Citation: The process of recognising the contribution of a specific individual or organisation as the acknowledged source of a particular view, argument or decision. You therefore ‘cite’ a book, article or document within the text of your essay.
Referencing: A precise way of ensuring that someone or something that has been mentioned can be identified. The references will normally appear at the end of your essay.
The same set of rules, including punctuation and abbreviation, should be followed every time you write a reference. The citation made in the text should give the author’s surname with the year of publication, and at the end of the assignment, all the references should be listed in alphabetical order of author’s surname, under the heading References. This allows your reader to trace your sources easily for interest or further examination and also credits the original author(s). In this way you will avoid the charge of plagiarism, which means using the work of others without acknowledging your source of information or inspiration. Plagiarism is treated very seriously, and plagiarised work is normally disqualified.
Diploma Nursing students only: If you have undertaken some reading but have not referred to it in your text, you should include these in a separate Bibliography, also placed at the end of your assignment, after the list of References.
Midwifery and Physiotherapy students only: Please always ensure you refer to the Harvard referencing guide which is included in your Handbook or Style Guide.
CPD Nursing and Midwifery students only: Please always ensure you refer to the Harvard referencing guide which is included in your Handbook or Style Guide.
CITING WHEN DISCUSSING (BUT NOT DIRECTLY QUOTING) IN THE TEXT
Only the surname of the author and the date of the publication referred to are given in
brackets immediately after your reference in the text. However, in the list of references at the end, you should include full details. If the surname of the author appears naturally in your text, then only the date of publication is given in brackets.
Harvard System of Referencing (including electronic referencing)
CITATION WITHIN THE TEXT
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Examples of citing in your text:
• Citing work by a single author:
In a study by Burns (2000), documentary sources were characterised as....
or,
Research has shown that giving patients adequate information in accordance with their needs can decrease anxiety and enhance the individual's ability to cope (Luker, 1995).
If you are referring to two or more different publications by the same author, all published in the same year, distinguish between them by using lower case a, b, c etc. after the year inside the brackets. Use these letters in the corresponding references at the end.
(Dalley 1998a), (Dalley 1998b) etc.
• Citing work by two authors:
In the book by White and Ewan (1998).....
Note that in the list of references at the end both authors’ initials should be given e.g. White, R. and Ewan, C. (1998)
• Citing work by more than three authors:
Allen et al. (2001) confirm that....
Note that in the list of references at the end, the surnames and initials of all the authors should be included e.g. Allen, A., Shoolbred, M., Hart. C, and Kane, D. (2001)
CITING WHEN QUOTING IN THE TEXT (PRINT SOURCES)
When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as including the author’s surname, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.
Example: Johnstone (1998) describes this as \"perhaps the most spectacular instant cure
achieved by modern psychiatry\" (p.245).
Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text, as in the example above. Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph, and a smaller type-face may be used:
Example: In some respects, as Bell (1999) points out: \"The approach adopted and the methods of data collection selected will depend
upon the nature of the enquiry and the type of information required\" (p.10).
If part of the quotation is omitted this can be indicated using three dots:
Example:
Jones and Fletcher (1999) have stated that \"occupational stress ... is widely considered to be a growing problem in the 1990s\" (p.41).
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CITING WHEN QUOTING IN THE TEXT (WEB SITES)
When citing a website with a known author use only the name of the author followed by the year the page was last updated.
Example:
The National Aids Manual (2001) suggests that abacavir may be taken more than twice a day.
When the author of a website is unknown or when citing a homepage give the web address (also known as the URL) of the site in brackets, followed by the year the page was last updated (if known).
Example:
In the year ending March 2002 …41,656 people applied [to the NMC] for registration
(http://www.nmc-uk.org/nmc/main/news/importantInformationForOverseasApplicants.html, 2002)
You may list navigational aids such as page, section or paragraph numbers, if they are included in the original text, at the conclusion of the citation, separated by a comma. For most electronic sources, however, page numbers etc are not available.
SECONDARY REFERENCING IN THE TEXT
When citing the work of one author found in the work of another you should acknowledge that you did not consult the original source:
Example: Bateman and Crant (1996) cited by Tappen (1998, p.62) noted that ….
“Cited by” indicates that the reference to Bateman and Crant’s study was found in the book by Tappen. Include only Tappen in your Reference list.
Secondary references should be used sparingly. In most cases you should only cite material you have actually read.
LISTING REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE TEXT
References should be listed at the end of your assignment in alphabetical order by author’s surname and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year, by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.). Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors’ forenames are normally abbreviated, but can be written out in full if they appear on the title page. The title of the publication should be in italics. It should only be underlined if you are handwriting the assignment or do not have access to word processing facilities. In the examples below, the titles are given in italics. You also need to include the place of publication and the publisher.
Examples of listing references at the end of the text:
1. Books
• Book by a single author:
st
Author's Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later than 1.
Place of publication, Name of publisher
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•
Example
nd
Newell, R. (1994) Interviewing skills for nurses and other health care professionals. 2 edition. London, Routledge
Electronic book: Author's Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. [Online]. Edition if later
st
than 1. Place of publication (if given), Name of publisher. Available from: URL [Accessed date] Example
Paul, R.W. and Elder, L. (2002) Critical thinking. [Online]. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Available from: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0130647608/pref01 [Accessed 1 June 2004]
Book by two authors: Author's Surname, Initial. and Author's Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of
st
book. Edition if later than 1. Place of publication, Name of publisher
Example
Ferri, E. and Smith, K. (1996) Parenting in the 1990s. London, Family Policy Studies Centre
Book by more than two authors: Author's Surname, Initial., Author's Surname, Initial. and Author's Surname,
st
Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later than 1. Place of publication, Name of publisher Example
Blane, D., Brunner, E. and Wilkinson, R. (1996) Health and social organisation: towards a health policy for the 21st century. London, Routledge
Book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or organisation): Name of corporate author (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later than 1st. Place of publication, Name of publisher
Example
Intercollegiate Working Party for Stroke (2000) National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke. London, Royal College of Physicians
Edited book:
st
Editor's Surname, Initial. (eds) (Year of publication) Title of book. Edition if later than 1. Place of publication, Name of publisher
Example
Messer, D. and Jones, F. (eds) (1999) Psychology and social care. London, Jessica Kingsley
Chapter in an edited book: Author's Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of chapter. In Initial, Editor's
surname, (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication, Name of publisher, page numbers of chapter (prefixed by pp.)
Example
Castle, R. and Malone, M. (2000) Discharge following surgery. In R. Pudner (ed.) Nursing the surgical patient. London, Balliere Tindall, pp. 97-105
• • • • •
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2. Journal articles
• Article in a printed journal: Author's surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of journal Volume
number(Issue number), page numbers Example Attree, M. (1993) An analysis of the concept 'quality' as it relates to contemporary
nursing care. International Journal of Nursing Studies 30(4), 355-361
• Article in an electronic journal: Author's surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of journal [Online]
Volume number (Issue number if any), page numbers. Available from: URL. [Accessed date] Example Drummond, J.S. (2004) Nursing and the avant-garde. International Journal of Nursing
Studies [Online] 41(5), 515-524. Available from:
http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2003.12.004 [Accessed 2 June 2004]
• Review in the Cochrane Library:
The Cochrane Library indicate how their reviews should be cited. Follow the instructions given in the database.
Example
Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Editorial in a journal: Title of editorial. [Editorial] (Year of publication) Title of journal Volume number (Issue
number), page numbers Example Diversity: a driving force in curriculum development. [Editorial] (2002) Nurse Education
Today 22(1), 1-2
3. Newspapers
• Article in a printed newspaper: Author's surname, Initial (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of newspaper (Section
of newspaper if relevant), Date, page numbers Example Neustatter, A. (1997) The truth about anorexia. The Guardian (G2), 31 July 1997, p.4
• Article in an electronic newspaper: Author's surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of newspaper
(Section of newspaper if relevant) [Online]. Date, page number(s) if given. Available from: URL. [Accessed date] Example Adams, R. (2004) Policy by numbers. The Guardian (Society) [Online]. 1 June 2004.
Available from:
http://society.guardian.co.uk/nhsperformance/comment/0,8146,1228819,00.html. [Accessed 2 June 2004]
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4. Government documents
• Government report (printed):
Government Department (Year of publication) Title of report. Place of publication, Publisher (usually Stationery Office). Series detail (if any) Example Department of Health (1997) The new NHS: modern, dependable. London, Stationery
Office. (Cm 3807)
• Government report (electronic):
Government Department (Year of publication) Title of report. [Online] Place of
publication, Publisher (usually Stationery Office). Series detail (if any). Available from: URL. [Date accessed] Example Department of Health (2004) Delivering HR with attitude: leading people; leading
progress. [Online] London, Stationery Office. Available from:
http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4082376&chk=iGatlx [Accessed 3 June 2004]
• Government circular (printed):
Government Department (Year of publication) Title of circular. Circular details. Place of publication, Publisher Example Department of Health (2001) Care Standards Act 2000: transition arrangements for the
creation of the National Care Standards Commission. HSC 2001/011. London, Department of Health
• Government circular (electronic):
Government Department (Year of publication) Title of circular. [Online] Circular details. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URL [Accessed date] Example Department of Health (2001) Care Standards Act 2000: transition arrangements for the
creation of the National Care Standards Commission. [Online] HSC 2001/011. London, Department of Health. Available from:
http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/LettersAndCirculars/HealthServiceCirculars/HealthServiceCircularsArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4004544&chk=Ep47GZ [Accessed 3 June 2004]
• Acts of Parliament: Name of country. Title of act Year (official chapter). Place of publication, Publisher Example Great Britain. Abortion Act 1967 (c.67). London, HMSO
5. Conference papers
• Conference paper / research: Author's surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of conference paper. Where it was
delivered including the date Example Mountain, G. and Moore, K. (1995) What do occupational therapists working with older
people do? Report of a Seminar to present research findings held during September 1995, University of Leeds, Community Care Division, Nuffield Institute for Health, Leeds
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6. Theses and dissertations
• Thesis, Dissertation or Project: Author's surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of dissertation. Unpublished type of
dissertation, Name of institution Example Mohamoodally, F. (1995) An action research enquiry into the development of a
teaching strategy that resolves the theory/practice gap in nurse education. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Kingston University, Kingston, Surrey
7. Videos
• Videos: Corporate author's name (Year of publication) Title of video [videorecording]. [n.p.],
Name of producer Example Royal College of Nursing (1993) Diabetes care [videorecording]. [n.p.], Healthcare for
the RCN
8. Reference material
• Reference material (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, bibliographies and indexes) Editor's surname, Initial. (ed.) (Year of publication) Title of dictionary. Place of
publication, Publisher Example Brooker, C. (ed.) (2002) Churchill Livingstone’s Dictionary of Nursing. Edinburgh,
Churchill Livingstone
9. Electronic resources
MAKING REFERENCES TO ELECTRONIC SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Note: The temporary nature of the material made available on the Internet creates particular
problems, and you must always quote the date you accessed the resources. The content of a web page can be updated and the pages can be deleted or the URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) may change. The length and complexity of URLs make accurate referencing vital if the reader of your work needs to follow up your sources. It is a good idea to keep a printed copy of the source referred to.
Note: You should not refer to databases. You should refer to journal articles you have
accessed online following the format in point 2 above.
Note: In this context, the term “publisher” means an organisation responsible for maintaining
the internet site. If you are unable to find out either the place or publication or the publisher, then leave them out.
Note: The date of publication means the day the pages were last updated. This may appear
at the bottom of the page. Alternatively, right-click on the page, click on Properties and then check the date modified.
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•
Electronic Resources – Web sites
• Web document with author
Author, Initial. (Date updated) Title. [Online] Place of publication, publisher. Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Example:
Diabetes UK (2003) Eating well. [Online] British Diabetic Association. Available from: http://www.diabetes.org.uk/eatwell/index.html [Accessed 3 June 2004]
• Web document without author
Title. [Online] (Date updated) Place of publication, publisher. Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Health skepticism. [Online] (2003) Willunga, South Australia, Healthy Skepticism Inc. Available from: http://www.healthyskepticism.org/index.htm [Accessed 3 June 2004]
• Web homepage
Title of homepage. [Homepage of name of organization] [ Online] Date last updated. Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Example:
Epilepsy Action [Homepage of the British Epilepsy Association] [Online] 2004. Available from: http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/index.html [Accessed 3 June 2004] Electronic Resources – Discussion lists
Author, Initials (date) Subject line. Discussion list [Online]. Available from: URL [Date accessed} Example:
Mac, T. Y. (21 February 2002) AIDS in the modern world. Lis-Nursing [Online]. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind0202&L=lis-nursing&P=R1512&I=-1lis- [Accessed 16 May 2002]
Electronic Resources – Email
Please note you should obtain permission from the sender before referencing personal emails.
Author, Initials of sender. (email address of sender) (date). Subject line of message. Personal email to name of recipient (recipient's email address).
Example:
Revill, O. (orevill@sghms.ac.uk) (28 November 2000). Remote access. Personal email to M. Smith (k123456@hscs.sghms.ac.uk)
Electronic Resources – Images
Please note you should always have permission from the owner to use any image. Author, Initials. (Year) Title of image [Online image]. Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Example:
Huckstep, R.L. (1997) Introduction to orthopaedics slide 16 [Online image]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/database/intro-orth/io016.html [Accessed 21 December 2001]
•
•
•
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10. Virtual Learning Environment (Blackboard, WebCT etc.)
Virtual Learning Environments are used increasingly as stores for course documents and teaching materials. You will need to be clear about what it is you are citing e.g. lecturer’s notes, a journal article, an image digitized for use in VLEs or an item from a discussion board.
• Blackboard – Tutor’s notes
Author/Tutor, Initials. (Year) Title of item. Name of academic module [Online]. Available from: URL of virtual learning environment [Date accessed]
Example:
Leonard, L. (2004) What is health? Contemporary perspectives in nursing [Online]. Available from: http://lms.kingston.ac.uk [Accessed 27 July 2004]
• Blackboard – Message from Course Discussion Board
Author, Initials. (Year) Title of message. Title of Discussion Board in Name of
academic module [Online]. Available from: URL of Virtual learning environment [Date accessed]
Example:
Leonard, L. (2002) Autonomy. Autonomy in Contemporary perspectives in nursing [Online]. Available from: http://lms.kingston.ac.uk [Accessed 27 July 2004]
11. Secondary Reference
• Secondary reference
Remember you should only refer to the secondary text you have read - so following on from the example on page 2:
Tappen, R.M. (1998) Nursing leadership and management: concepts and practice. 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA, Davis
12. Missing details
• Missing details: Sometimes either the date or place of publication may not be printed anywhere on the
publication you wish to refer to. If the date is missing, you can use the abbreviation [n.d.]. If the place of publication is missing, use [n.p.]. If you do not know the name of the author, use [Anon.]. Always put these in square brackets. Example Leafe, A. [n.d.] Eat more beans [n.p.], Green Bean Society
Further information on referencing using the Harvard style is available from:
• British Standards Institution, London
BS 1629: 1989, Recommendations for references to published materials
BS 5605: 1990, Recommendations for citing and referencing published materials
• Bournemouth University Library (2003) Citing your references [Online] Bournemouth,
Bournemouth University. Available from:
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/harvard_system.html [Accessed 3 June 2004]
• Hart, C. (2001) Doing a literature search. London, Sage Publications
• Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2004) Cite them right: referencing made easy. Newcastle,
Northumbria University Press
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Citing Electronic Sources
ISO FDIS 6902 Part 2, “Information and Documentation - Bibliographic references - Electronic Documents or parts thereof” which gives some guidance. Excerpts from this Standard are available on the web at:
http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm
Information provided here is based on information sheets from the University of Sheffield and from Middlesex University.
Kingston University, Library Services
St. George’s, University of London, Library Services August 2005
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