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2020考研英语:精华词汇辨析(1)
1、abide, adhere, conform, comply“遵守”。 abide v.后接by表⽰“遵守,同意”。
I will abide by the director' decision.我将遵从主任的决定。
adhere v.后接to表⽰“遵守”。(当然adhere⼀词的其它意思如“坚持;粘附”也经常被考到。) Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽⻋司机必须遵守驾驶规则。 conform v.后接to表⽰“遵守,符合”。
All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个⼈都应该遵守政府制订的法律。 comply v.后接with表⽰“遵守,服从”,⽤于正式的场合。
Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。 2、abnormal, uncommon, disordered “反常的”
abnormal a.不正常的,反常的(但并⾮罕⻅),指⾏为或现象(如⽓候)的异常。
His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来⼀直都不正常,最⾼的时候达到40.5摄⽒度。(尽管⾝体发烧不正常,但⽣活中也时有发⽣。) uncommon a.罕⻅的,不平常的,指很少经历或很少⻅到的状况;特别的,出⾊的。 Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓⻛在英国⾮常罕⻅。
That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great! 那速溶咖啡质量上乘,味道好极了! disordered a.混乱的,杂乱的;(精神或⾝体)有病的。
We couldn't understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明⽩她条理不清的陈述。 3、abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish都有“取消,除掉”的意思。 abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除;完全破坏。
The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。
cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅⾏、计划、会议等)的取消;删去(字、句)。 The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感⽽取消了。 eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东⻄。
The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了,不能参加下⼀阶段的⽐赛。 The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医⽣帮助他排出肠中毒素。 dispose v.处理,处置;表⽰“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连⽤。(这⼀点需要注意。) erase v.除去,擦掉,指有意识地除去字迹、声⾳等。
I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.我在往磁带上录⾳之前先消掉了上⾯的⾳乐。 exclude v.排斥;排除,不包括在内,与include互为反义词。
The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.⾐冠不整者不得进⼊该餐馆。
extinguish v.熄灭,扑灭(⽕);使沉默,使暗淡。
Firefighters extinguished a big fire.消防队员扑灭了⼤⽕。 4、abstract, digest, outline, summary“要点,摘要”
abstract n.概要,摘要,尤其指对学术论⽂或法律论据作的简述。 I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他书的概要。
digest n. (篇幅较⻓的)摘要,⽂摘,它是对原⽂的浓缩⽽不是对原⽂的简单解释,浓缩后仍保持原⽂的顺序、重点和⻛格。
Reader's Digest《读者⽂摘》 outline n.要点,⼤纲,概要。
She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把⾃⼰要谈的想法列了⼀个提纲。 summary n.总结,摘要,指⽤寥寥数语概括⽂章或者讲话的要点,不考虑原⽂的⻛格。 5、absurd, ridiculous, silly都有“愚蠢,可笑”的意思。
absurd a.荒谬的,可笑的,指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑⽽令⼈发笑。
There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有⼀种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状⽽且静⽌不动。
ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的,指因为愚昧⽆知⽽令⼈发笑并成为笑柄,含有蔑视成分。
It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据⼀个国家的饮⻝来评价该国家的⽂化是荒唐可笑的。 silly a.愚蠢的,傻的,指由于单纯或者头脑简单⽽显得愚蠢。 a silly little boy傻⼩⼦
6、abundant, plentiful这两个形容词都有“充⾜的”之意。
abundant a. (数量)充⾜的,常⽤于⼈、物产、资源、⾬量等,含有“过多”之意。 Oil is in abundant supply in this country.这个国家⽯油供应⼗分充裕。
plentiful a.丰富的,充⾜的,常⽤于⻝物、收获、财产等,不能⽤于时间、空间、思想等⽅⾯。 Eggs are plentiful at this moment.现在鸡蛋很多。 7、accent, tone, dialect这三个名词意思相近,容易混淆。 accent n.⼝⾳,指某⼀地区语⾔的发⾳特征;重⾳。
He speaks English with a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有⻄班⽛⼝⾳。 tone n.语⽓,⾳调,指说话⼈的⼝⽓或声⾳的⾼低、轻重等。 He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他⽤柔和的语调和他的婴⼉说话。 dialect n.⽅⾔,⼟语,地⽅话,指⼀个地区⼈们所使⽤的语⾔。 the Yorkshire dialect约克郡⽅⾔the Sichuan dialect 8、access, assess这两个词为⼀组“形近易混词”。 access n.接近,进⼊。
The people living in these apartments have free access to that swimming pool.住在这些公寓⾥的⼈可以免费地进⼊游泳池。
assess v.评估(财产,价值)。
I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment.我评估了⼀下建⼀套新的公寓要多少钱。
9、accommodate, afford, furnish都有“提供”的意思。 accommodate v.提供住宿、房间;适应,迎合,迁就。
This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满⾜了顾客的愿望,连夜将货物发了出去。
afford v.负担,⽀付;当“提供”讲时,多⽤于指抽象事物的提供。 We can't afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑⻋。
The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢⾼楼上可以看到⼤海的美丽景致。 furnish v.指提供⽣活或某种⽤途所需要的东⻄。
Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识,然⽽只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成⾃⼰的东⻄。 10、accomplishment, attainment, achievement“成就” accomplishment n.成功,成就;才艺,修养。
Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the hikers.对于登⼭运动员来说,爬上了那座⼭就是成功。 Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments. 画画得好只是她的许多才能之⼀。 attainment n.指学识和造诣(常⽤作复数);达到,到达。 a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极⾼的学者
achievement n.可指抽象的“成就”,或具体的“成绩”,与accomplishment是同义词。
2020考研英语:精华词汇辨析(2)
11、accuse,charge “控诉,指控”之意,所搭配的介词不同。 accuse v.指控,控诉,与介词of连⽤。
Thepolice accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。
charge v.可以指因为⼩错⽽受的责备,也指因违法⽽受到控告,与介词with连⽤。 Thepolice charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。
12、acquire,attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure都有\"获得,取得\"的意思,在考研屡次出现。
acquire v.多指经过努⼒逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等,也可⽤于对财物等的获得,该词强调\"⼀经获得就会⻓期持有\"的含义。
Itis through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reactingto situations.正是通过学习,个⼈才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
attain v.指经过不懈的努⼒获得未曾预料到的结果;也可指达到某⼀⺫标。
Thesalesperson attained his sales goal for the month.这名销售员完成了当⽉的销售⺫标。 obtain v.获得,买到,⽤于正式语体中。
Heobtained the property with a bank loan.他通过向银⾏贷款买下了那份房产。 gain v.指通过较⼤努⼒获得某种利益或好处;亦可指军事上的武⼒夺取等。
Aninvestor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.投资者通过所买股票价格上涨⽽得利润。 earn v.挣得,赢得,指因⼯作等⽽得到报酬或待遇。 Howmuch do you earn a week? 你⼀星期挣多少钱?
achieve v.得到,获得,多指成就、⺫标、幸福的取得。
Themovie star achieved success and wealth.这个影星取得了成功和财富。
secure v.得到;把……拿到⼿,含有肯定占有难以得到的东⻄之意;使安全,保卫;作形容词⽐较常⻅,意为\"安全的\"。 Amillion signatures have been secured.已征集到了100万⼈的签名。
Hesecured the office before leaving it for the night.他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的⻔窗。 13、acute,critical, crucial, urgent\"严重的,重要的\"意思。 acute a.剧烈的,严重的;急性的(病)。
Anacute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.⻝品严重缺乏,伊拉克⼈⺠正在忍饥挨饿。
critical a.意为\"关键的\",表⽰处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点,与crucial相似。与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量;还指\"批判性的,分析性的\"。
Itis critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须⽤功学习,则你会不及格的。 crucial a.意为\"决定性的,紧要关头的,⾄关重要的\",最为笼统,适⽤于上述两种情况。
Improvedconsumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信⼼的增强对经济的复苏是⾄关重要的。 urgent a.意为\"紧迫的,急迫的,紧要的\",它不强调所指的问题是最重要的,仅强调\"紧急的\"状态。 Wehave an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助,我们的⽔就快要⽤光了。 14、adjust,regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify, transform, vary都含有\"调整、改变\"的意思。 adjust v.⼀般指很⼩的改变或技术性的调整;修理。
Iadjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
regulate v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进⾏调整或调节,使之准确⼯作或运⾏;多含有\"控制\"之意。 Lightsare used to regulate the traffic.红绿灯被⽤来管制交通。 rectify v.纠正,校正(错误、⽂章、合同等)。
Herectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同⾥的错误。 amend v. (正式⽤语)指修改⽂件、法律、规范等。
Thepoliticians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。 convert v.改变某事物的形式或⽤途,还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
Britainconverted to a decimal currency system in 1971.英国于1971年改⽤⼗进制货币体系。 He'sconverted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。 alter v.使事物在外观、性质、⽤途等⽅⾯稍作改变。
Thetailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。 modify v.改变,修改,以使某物更趋完善,还可以⽤来表⽰态度、脾⽓、意⻅变得温和。
Hewas loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.他粗声⼤⽓,脾⽓暴躁;朋友们告诉他要改变⾃⼰的举⽌。
transform v.指彻底、深远的改变,这种变化完全改变了外观或特性,使被改变的对象脱胎换⾻。
Remodelingtransformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房⼦变得赏⼼悦⺫。 vary v.强调没有⼀定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
Airfares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
15、admit,confess, concede这⼏个动词都有\"承认\"的意思。 admit v.指由于说服、再三追问⽽\"承认\"某⼀事实或过错。 Iadmit that you have a point.我承认你有理。
confess v.供认(罪⾏、过错等),含有\"坦⽩、招认\"的意思。 Heconfessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪⾏。
concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某⼀错误,但由于证据确凿⽽不得不勉强承认,还可以指\"以退为进\"的承认。 Theman who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的⼈最终向警察承认他是肇事⼈。
16、affiliate,link, attach, append都有\"附加\"的意思。 affiliate v.加⼊,成为……⼀部分。 anaffiliated middle school⼀所附属中学 link v.将⼈或物连接起来。
Thecrowd linked arms to form a barrier.群众臂挽着臂组成⼈墙。 attach v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另⼀物上。
Iattached a note to my report with a paper clip.我⽤别针将⼀张字条别在报告的后⾯。 append v.增加,附加(与attach的意思⽐较接近)。
Thelawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后⼜附加了两⻚。 17、affirm,assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim 这⼀组动词都有\"声称\"的意思。
affirm v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称,是deny的反义词。 Heaffirmed his love for her.他发誓爱她。
assert v.指不管事实如何,主观⾃信地宣称,或者清楚有⼒地坚持某个情况为事实。 Sheasserted that she was innocent .她宣称⾃⼰是⽆辜的。 allege v.在⽆真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
Thesuspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of thecrime.嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。 claim v.要求,声称,断⾔。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
Theyclaim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewerautomobiles in the downtown section ofthe city.他们⽣成如果有更多的⼈骑⾃⾏⻋上班的话,闹市区的汽⻋就会有所减少。
announce v.宣布,宣告。多指⾸次当众正式宣布某⼀主张或态度,常常带有预告的意味。
Theinvention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。 proclaim v.宣布;宣告(成⽴)。指经过深思熟虑后向⼤众宣布⼀个明确的决定或判断,尤其指重⼤事件的宣布,多⽤于官⽅场合。
Thepresident proclaimed an emergency when the war came.当战争来临的时候总统宣布进⼊紧急状态。 18、aggravate,reinforce, increase, strengthen, intensify这⼀组动词都有\"加强\"的意思。 aggravate v.加重(负担、罪⾏、病情等),使之恶化。
Ihurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.我的脚受伤了,⽽过早的下地⾛路⼜加重了伤情。 reinforce v.增援,⼀般⽤于军队或警察的⾏动;(添材料等)加固。
Apolice officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.⼀位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银⾏,⽤⽆线电话要求增援。
increase v.指数量上的增加。
Thenumber of people has been increased.⼈数增加了。 strengthen v.加强,巩固,增强,相当于tobecome stronger。
Exercisingevery day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼可以提⾼⼼脏的功能。
Competition,they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.⼈们认为竞争加强了⺠族性⽽不是破坏了它。
intensify v.使变得更强烈、剧烈,加剧,相当于tobecome more intense or intensive。 intensifycolors加深⾊彩intensifyhatred加深仇恨
19、alert,cautious, considerate都表⽰\"⼩⼼的,谨慎的\"。 alert a.警惕的,留神的。
Thehostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking need.⼥主⼈⼀直站在旁边,时刻准备给⼤家斟酒。 cautious a.细⼼的,谨慎的。
Hehas a cautious attitude about spending money.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。 considerate a.关⼼他⼈的,体贴的。
Heis always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.他总是很体谅他⼈,并且慈祥⽽富有同情⼼。 20、alive,live, living, lively 这⼀组形容词都跟\"活\"有关。 alive a.活着的,有活⼒的,常作表语,作定语时必须后置。
Afterthe accident, he was barely alive.交通事故后,他奄奄⼀息。all man alive所有活着的⼈ live a.活的,有活⼒的,现场直播的,
Wewatched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。 living a.活着的,作定语可前可后,可修饰⼈也可修饰物。
Whois the world's greatest living artist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟⼤的艺术家?livingroom起居室 lively a.活泼的,栩栩如⽣的。
Sheis a lively young girl, always laughing and doing things.她是个活泼可爱的⼩姑娘,总是欢声笑语忙个不停。
2020考研英语:精华词汇辨析(3)
21、alleviate, diminish, reduce, decrease, decline 这⼀组动词都有\"减少,减轻\"的意思。 alleviate v.在痛苦⽅⾯的减轻,缓和
The painkiller alleviated the pain.⽌疼药减缓了疼痛。
diminish v.指因为不断消耗,在数量⽅⾯缓慢减少,也指在素质或者价值的下降。 The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争⽯油的供应减少了。 reduce v.指⼈为地使某物在数量或重量⽅⾯的减少或降低。
He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。 decrease v.指数量上的减少;⼒量或者强度的减弱。
The population decreased a lot last year.去年⼈⼝数量急剧下降。 decline v. (数⺫、价格、⽐率)下降;谢绝,婉⾔推辞;衰退,衰落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。 He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。 22、allocate, separate, detach, divide 都有\"分开\"的意思。
allocate v.分配,把……拨给。
The city government allocated money for schools and the police in this year's budget.市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部⻔分配了资⾦。
separate v.⼈为地分开,使隔离开。
We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。 detach v.拆开组合的物体;远离,疏远。
We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.我们需要⼀名⽊匠将书架从墙上拆下来。 divide v.指将整体分为若干个部分。
The huge corporation divided into smaller companies.这家特⼤公司分成⼀些较⼩的公司。 23、ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim \"模糊\"
ambiguous a.意义含糊的,有歧义的,指因字、词、句有歧义⽽使⼈感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以⾄于我们不知道该⾛哪条路了。
obscure a.⽤于表达因光线不⾜⽽使⼈看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表⽰语法、⽂字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可⽽使⼈看不懂和⽆法理解。
The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解,因为诗歌中含有许多令⼈费解的典故。
vague a.含混的,不清楚的,多⽤于⽐喻意义,⽤来表⽰因逻辑关系不清、⾔辞笼统⽽导致的意义不清楚,该词也可表⽰轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.他⼤概知道他要做什么,但没有具体的计划。 unclear a.指句意、字迹不清楚,使⼈难以看懂;不肯定的。 Unclear writing is difficult to understand.模糊的字迹使⼈难以辨认。 It is unclear whether the economy will get better.经济是否好转仍不明朗。 dim a.光线暗淡的,看不清的;记忆⼒模糊的;不⼤可能的。 Don't work in dim light.不要在昏暗的光线下⼯作。
His changes of recovery from illness are dim.他康复的可能性⼗分渺茫。 24、amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand
amplify v.扩⼤,增加,尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声⾳扩⼤;补充叙述(故事、事件等)。 We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进⼀步的说明。 enlarge v.扩⼤,多指具体物品如相⽚的放⼤。 enlarge photograph放⼤照⽚enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch v. (有弹性地)伸展,延伸,并有可能超过限度;伸⻓、伸出(⾝体某部位)并绷紧肌⾁(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头⽑⾐我穿了⼏次之后就撑⼤了。
Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早间⼯作之后,职员们站到桌⼦后⾯伸伸懒腰。
magnify v.放⼤,指⽤透镜或显微镜使物体看上去⼤⼀些。
His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼睛把字放⼤以便能够阅读。 reinforce v.增援,加固。
expand v.指范围、体积的扩⼤、增⼤,也可以指内容细节的充实。 The balloon expanded, then exploded.⽓球先是膨胀,然后就爆破了。 25、anger, fury, indignation, resentment\"愤怒、⽣⽓\" anger n.⽓愤,⽣⽓,是⼀般⽤语。
After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.争吵之后,他⼀拳打在那个⼈的脸上以发泄怒⽓。
fury n.暴怒,⼤怒,程度较anger要强。 indignation n.义愤,尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares公共汽⻋票价突然猛增激起的公愤
resentment n.愤恨,怨恨,不满,是正式⽤语,尤指由于受侮辱或⾃尊⼼受到伤害后⽽产⽣的愤慨。
There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.⼤家的⼯资降低后,办公室⾥怨声载道。
26、apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, distinct 这⼀组形容词都有\"明显的\"之意。
apparent a.明显的,显⽽易⻅的,尤指容易观察或认识到的事物。
He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave now.他很不⾼兴,显然他现在想⾛了。 evident a.明⽩的,明显的,与apparent基本同意,多⽤于推理或由事实证明的事物。
It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at the crime scene.显然他是有罪的,在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。
manifest a.清楚的,明显的,多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义,常作表语。 Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive.她才能出众,但⻓相并不动⼈。 obvious a.明显的,显⽽易⻅的,含有⽆可辩⽩,不需证明之意。
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